The sensitivity of runoff generation to spatial snowpack uniformity in an alpine watershed: Green Lakes Valley,Niwot Ridge Long-Term Ecological Research station     

Andrew M. Badger  Nels Bjarke  Noah P. Molotch  Ben Livneh 《水文研究》2021,35(9):e14331

Seasonal water storage in high-elevation alpine catchments are critical sources of water for mountainous regions like the western U.S. The spatial distribution of snow in these topographically complex catchments is primarily governed by orography, solar radiation, and wind redistribution. While the effect of solar shading is relatively consistent from year-to-year, the redistribution of snow due to wind is more variable – capable of producing snowpacks that have varying degrees of uniformity across these hydrologically-important catchments. A reasonable hypothesis is that a warmer climate will cause snowfall to become more dense (i.e. wetter and heavier), possibly leading to less wind redistribution and thus produce a more uniformly distributed snowpack across the landscape. In this study, we investigate the role of increasingly uniform spatial snowpack distributions on streamflow generation in the Green Lakes Valley Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research station, within the headwaters of the Boulder Creek watershed in Colorado. A set of idealized hydrologic simulation experiments driven by reconstructed snowpacks spanning 2001–2014 show that more a more uniform spatial snowpack distribution leads to an earlier melt-out of 31 days on average and tends to produce less total streamflow, with maximum decreases as large as 7.5%. Isolating the role of snowpack heterogeneity from melt-season precipitation, we find that snowpack uniformity reduces total streamflow by as much as 13.2%. Reductions in streamflow are largely explained by greater exposure to solar radiation in the uniformly distributed case relative to a more heterogeneous snowpack, with this exposure driving shifts towards earlier snowmelt and changes in soil water storage. Overall, we find that the runoff efficiency from shallower snowpacks is more sensitive to the effects of uniformity than deeper snowpacks, which has potential implications for a warming climate where shallower snowpacks and enhanced sensitivities may be present.  相似文献   

20 Ma以来Mohns洋中脊的非对称扩张速率与地壳结构   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

张涛  高金耀  王威  吴招才  沈中延  杨春国 《地球物理学报》2018,61(8):3263-3277

超慢速扩张的Mohns洋中脊共轭两侧的地球物理场与地壳结构具有显著的非对称性.利用我国第五次北极科学考察采集的水深、重力与磁力数据，结合历史资料，我们计算了14条垂直Mohns洋中脊剖面的扩张速率、剩余水深、剩余地幔布格重力异常（RMBA）、地壳厚度和非均衡地形.对洋中脊共轭两侧以上计算结果的进一步对比发现，Mohns洋中脊两侧整体（下文均指同一地质时刻各剖面的平均值）的非对称性呈现明显的两段性：20~10.5 Ma，相比Mohns洋中脊东侧，西侧的扩张速率更慢、地壳更厚、非均衡地形更低；10.5~0 Ma，扩张速率、地壳厚度和非均衡地形的非对称的极性与20~10.5 Ma期间完全相反.后一阶段，整体扩张速率在西侧更快、剩余水深更浅，但是对应更薄的地壳和更高的非均衡地形.我们推断前者为冰岛沿Kolbeinsey洋中脊的作用增厚了Mohns洋中脊西侧地壳并使得洋中脊向西侧跳动，而后一阶段反映了岩浆供给减少后西侧集中的构造活动导致的更多的拉伸与隆升.沿各剖面上，10.5~0 Ma期间构造活动集中的洋中脊西侧均具有薄地壳和高非均衡地形，但构造拉伸的增加并不总是对应增快的扩张速率.岩浆在浅部更多地向东侧的分配以及洋中脊向西侧的跳动可能使得东西两侧具有相近的扩张速率.  相似文献   

西南印度洋脊龙旂热液区蚀变岩岩石学特征及对热液流体循环的指示     

王媛  李怀明  董传万  于增慧  陶春辉  李伟  岳羲和  吕士辉 《海洋学报》2020,42(5):77-94

慢速?超慢速扩张洋脊的海底热液活动区多出露类型多样的蚀变岩石，记录了地壳深部的流体与围岩的相互作用，为研究深部热液流体特征以及循环过程提供了样本。本研究选取了中国大洋第30、34和40航次在超慢速扩张西南印度洋脊龙旂热液区(A区、B区和C区)利用电视抓斗采集的蚀变玄武岩、蚀变辉长岩、蚀变辉石岩和蛇纹岩等蚀变岩样品，利用光学显微镜、电子探针开展了岩相学和矿物化学分析。岩相学结果表明，龙旂热液区蚀变岩石样品约95%发生了地壳浅部的脆性变形作用，靠近龙旂1号热液区(A区)约有5%的蚀变岩石混合发育了脆性变形及脆性?塑性变形特征。研究区岩石蚀变属于中?低温变质作用，变质相近似绿片岩相，变质矿物组合为绿泥石?绿帘石?钠长石?阳起石?榍石。其中，A区的蚀变岩中的绿泥石形成温度(201～341℃)以及蛇纹石、阳起石、绿泥石等蚀变矿物的Fe元素含量(17.5%～27.5%)都高于龙旂3号热液区(B区和C区)的绿泥石形成温度(239～303℃)和Fe元素含量(16.8%～26.5%)，这也与在该区观测到高温的热液喷口相符合。本研究认为龙旂热液区所在洋脊段发育的拆离断层为热液流体的向上运移提供了通道，洋壳扩张后期轴部的岩浆熔体在轴侧区域的岩浆侵入或喷发活动可能为热液循环提供了热源。  相似文献   

科科斯脊玄武岩斜长石矿物化学及地质意义     

葛振敏  鄢全树  赵仁杰  施美娟 《海洋学报》2020,42(7):93-107

综合大洋钻探计划(IODP) 334和344航次在U1381站位处的两个钻孔(A孔和C孔)获得了中美洲西海岸外科科斯脊基底拉斑玄武岩，对其岩浆过程开展研究可为理解其岩石成因提供重要依据。本文对科科斯脊玄武岩中斜长石斑晶和微晶进行了详细的原位主微量元素分析，结果表明，斜长石种属为培长石、拉长石及少量中长石。部分斜长石斑晶具有正环带结构；但多数斜长石斑晶不具有明显环带，仅从核部到边部存在微弱的成分变化。斜长石斑晶与微晶的微量元素差别较大:斜长石斑晶富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素、亏损高场强元素，且具有明显的Eu正异常；斜长石微晶不相容元素含量通常高于斜长石斑晶。根据斜长石温度计计算获得斜长石斑晶结晶温度为1 050～1 253℃，斜长石微晶结晶温度为866～1 033℃。基于以上特征，推测斜长石斑晶核部是相对原始岩浆的产物，而斑晶边部以及微晶是演化岩浆的结晶产物。斜长石斑晶的成分变化及熔蚀麻点结构是由于岩浆补给及岩浆减压上升造成的。最后，本研究推测科科斯脊基底玄武岩来自于开放的岩浆房，且岩浆房内可能存在原始岩浆的不断注入及岩浆对流。  相似文献   

末次间冰期以来门捷列夫洋脊南部冰盖对细颗粒沉积的控制作用   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

叶黎明  于晓果  章伟艳  王嵘 《海洋学报(英文版)》2020,39(9):86-95

门捷列夫洋脊南部的粘土矿物沉积具有明确的物源，为追踪该区沉积环境的演变提供了良好的条件。末次间冰期以来，ARC7-E23孔中的粘土矿物记录表现出了非常显著的变化。结合沉积物粒度的端元组份和冰阀碎屑沉积，粘土矿物的变化模式表明，东西伯利亚冰盖(ESIS)的规模可能是控制细颗粒沉积的主要因素。在氧同位素2期(MIS2)和4期(MIS4)，门捷列夫洋脊南部可能被ESIS所覆盖，几乎阻挡了所有来自加拿大和拉夫贴夫海陆架的沉积物，但允许大量来自东西伯利亚海陆架的细粒沉积物输入。只有当ESIS消融后，波弗特环流和越极流的相对强度以及搬运作用才成为了控制远源沉积物输入的主要因素。MIS3期的气候条件似乎最适合远源沉积物的输入，不仅提高了表层环流的流通性，也提供了足够多的搬运介质。  相似文献   

Late Pleistocene and Holocene cool‐water carbonates of the Western Mediterranean Sea     

CHRISTIAN BETZLER  JUAN C. BRAGA  DAVID JARAMILLO‐VOGEL  MIRIAM RÖMER  CHRISTIAN HÜBSCHER  GERHARD SCHMIEDL  SEBASTIAN LINDHORST 《Sedimentology》2011,58(3):643-669

Post‐glacial, neritic cool‐water carbonates of the Western Mediterranean Sea were examined by means of hydroacoustic data, sediment surface sampling and vibrocoring to unravel geometries and to reconstruct sedimentary evolution in response to the last sea‐level rise. The analysed areas, located on the Alboran Ridge, in the Bay of Oran, and at the southern shelf of the island of Mallorca, are microtidal and bathed by oligotrophic to weakly mesotrophic waters. Seasonal water temperature varies between 13 °C and 27 °C. Echosounder profiles show that the Bay of Oran and the southern shelf of Mallorca are distally steepened ramps, while the Alboran Ridge forms a steep‐flanked rugged plateau around the Alboran Island. In the three areas, an up to 10 m thick post‐glacial sediment cover overlies an unconformity. In Oran and Mallorca, stacked lowstand wedges occur in water depths of 120 to 130 m. On the Alboran Ridge and in the Bay of Oran, highstand wedges occur at 35 to 40 m. Up to 5 m long cores of upper Pleistocene to Holocene successions were recovered in water depths between 40 and 81 m. Deposits contain more than 80% carbonate, with mixed carbonate‐volcaniclastics in the lower part of some cores in Alboran. The carbonates consist of up to 53% of aragonite and up to 83% of high magnesium calcite. Radiocarbon dating of bivalve shells, coralline algae and serpulid tubes indicates that deposits are as old as 12 400 cal yr bp . The carbonate factories in the three areas are dominated mostly by red algae, but some intervals in the cores are richer in bivalves. A facies rich in the gastropod Turritella, reflecting elevated surface productivity, is restricted to the Mallorca Shelf. Rhodoliths occur at the sediment surface in most areas at water depths shallower than 70 m; they form a 10 to 20 cm thick veneer overlying rhodolith‐poor bioclastic sediments which, nonetheless, contain abundant red algal debris. This rhodolith layer has been developing for the past 800 to 1000 years. Similar layers at different positions in the cores are interpreted as reflecting in situ growth of rhodoliths at times of reduced net sedimentation. Sedimentary successions in the cores record the post‐glacial sea‐level rise and the degree of sediment exposure to bottom currents. Deepening‐upward trends in the successions are either reflected by shallow to deep facies transitions or by a corresponding change of depth‐indicative red algae. There are only weak downcore variations of carbonate mineralogy, which indicate that no dissolution or high magnesium to low magnesium calcite neomorphism occurs in the shallow subsurface. These new data support the approach of using the Recent facies distribution for interpretation of past cool‐water, low‐energy, microtidal carbonate depositional systems. Hydroacoustic data show that previous Pleistocene transgressive and highstand inner ramp deposits and wedges were removed during sea‐level lowstands and accumulated downslope as stacked lowstand wedges; this suggests that, under conditions of high‐amplitude sea‐level fluctuations, the stratigraphic record of similar cool‐water carbonates may be biased.  相似文献   

Elevation determination of nunataks in the Grove Mountains     

WANG ZeMin  AI SongTao  ZHANG ShengKai  DU YuJun 《极地研究(英文版)》2011,(3):199-204

  相似文献   

中印度洋海岭Edmond热液区块状硫化物中自然金的发现及其意义   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

吴仲玮  孙晓明  戴瑛知  石贵勇  王琰  芦阳  梁业恒 《岩石学报》2011,27(12):3749-3762

位于中印度洋中速扩张洋脊的Edmond热液区块状硫化物矿石样品主要分为以黄铁矿-黄铜矿为主的富Fe块状硫化物、热水沉积成因的富含硅质块状矿石和以硬石膏为主的硫酸盐矿石等3种不同类型.通过扫描电镜观察和X射线光电子能谱分析,在硫酸盐矿石和富Fe块状硫化物中首次发现了自然金,最大粒径可达20 μm左右,主要呈不规则粒状或板状与硬石膏、闪锌矿等硫化物颗粒紧密共生,少量以次显微金形式沉淀在自形黄铁矿晶体表面.电子探针分析结果显示,晚期形成于中低温条件下的贫Fe闪锌矿中Au富集程度普遍较高(平均含量约为6700×10-6);Ag主要以类质同象形式赋存于与闪锌矿、黄铜矿伴生的硫盐矿物中(5.0％～6.7％ Ag),这表明贵金属元素的富集成矿作用与海底热液活动晚期的中低温成矿阶段有关.推断Au在该研究区以高温、酸性和氯度较高为特征的热液流体中主要呈AuCl2-或AuHS0形式迁移.而海水与热液流体混合、喷口流体发生相分离以及传导冷却作用,被认为是导致Au有效沉淀的重要控制因素.  相似文献   

北冰洋阿尔法脊晚第四纪沉积有机质的来源变化及其古环境意义          下载免费PDF全文

许冬  叶黎明  于晓果  葛倩  雷吉江 《极地研究》2015,27(2):159-167

为探讨晚第四纪有机碳埋藏情况变化与海冰覆盖和环流等变化之间的关系,分析了北冰洋阿尔法脊08B85-D孔沉积物的Mn和Ca含量、粒度组成、有机碳含量和有机碳δ13C组成。结果表明有机碳含量并不具备冰期-间冰期旋回性,有机碳来源具有4种不同模式,海冰覆盖程度和波弗特环流的强度共同决定了阿尔法脊处有机碳来源的构成,在MIS7内若干时段海冰覆盖极少,极盛的波弗特环流可将陆源有机质直接输送至阿尔法脊处,使沉积有机质中陆地来源占主导,形成了具有地层对比意义的独特信号。在MIS6-MIS1,08B85-D孔有机碳始终以海洋源贡献占主导,与海冰覆盖程度维持在较高水平,限制了陆源有机碳的输送有关,特别是在MIS6和MIS4-MIS3时,海冰很盛,波弗特环流有可能消亡。  相似文献   

西南印度洋脊“断桥”热液区深部地质构造研究     

孙朝峰  吴招才  陶春辉  阮爱国  张国堙  郭志馗  黄恩贤 《海洋学报(英文版)》2018,37(3):73-79

Polymetalic sulfide is the main product of sea-floor hydrothermal venting, and has become an important sea-floor mineral resources for its rich in many kinds of precious metal elements. Since 2007, a number of investigations have been carried out by the China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association(COMRA)cruises(CCCs) along the Southwest Indian Ridge(SWIR). In 2011, the COMRA signed an exploration contract of sea-floor polymetallic sulfides of 10 000 km2 on the SWIR with the International Seabed Authority. Based on the multibeam data and shipborne gravity data obtained in 2010 by the R/V Dayang Yihao during the leg 6 of CCCs21, together with the global satellite surveys, the characteristics of gravity anomalies are analyzed in the Duanqiao hydrothermal field(37°39′S, 50°24′E). The "subarea calibration" terrain-correcting method is employed to calculate the Bouguer gravity anomaly, and the ocean bottom seismometer(OBS) profile is used to constrain the two-dimensional gravity anomaly simulation. The absent Moho in a previous seismic model is also calculated.The results show that the crustal thickness varies between 3 and 10 km along the profile, and the maximum crustal thickness reaches up to 10 km in the Duanqiao hydrothermal field with an average of 7.5 km. It is by far the most thicker crust discovered along the SWIR. The calculated crust thickness at the Longqi hydrothermal field is approximately 3 km, 1 km less than that indicated by seismic models, possibly due to the outcome of an oceanic core complex(OCC).  相似文献